This study reveals that scientific research is produced for social and economic interests of nations (power, wealth creation, technological superiority, etc.), rather than philosophical inquiries. A main implication of this study is that the immense growth of science in modern society is not only due to activity of scientists but rather to general social efforts of nations to take advantage of important opportunities and/or to cope with environmental threats, such as war. Empirical evidence endeavors to support the sources of scientific research for nations, described here. Finally, relationships between R&D investment and productivity, and research policy implications are discussed.

The year 2012 was the 30th anniversary of William H. Riker’s modern classic Liberalism against populism (1982) and is marked by the present special issue. In this introduction, we seek to identify some core elements and evaluate the current status of the Rikerian research program and its empirical applications. Special attention is given to three phenomena and their possible empirical manifestations: The instability of social choice in the form of (1) the possibility of majority cycles, (2) the non-robustness of social choices given alternative voting methods, and (3) the possibility of various forms of manipulation of the decisions (heresthetics). These topics are then connected to the contributions to the current special issue

Facilitar el tránsito de una economía rentista a la nueva economía del conocimiento implica una creciente inversión en capital humano, en la planta física para las actividades científicas y tecnológicas, en el desarrollo de sistemas de información y en el fortalecimiento de la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones que permita el acceso sin trabas a las autopistas de la información. La mejora de la calidad de Internet es una condición básica para facilitar la creación de pequeñas y medianas empresas basadas en un uso inteligente de la información y el conocimiento en la producción y comercialización de los bienes y servicios que se requieren para satisfacer las necesidades básicas y esenciales de la población.

We demonstrate using multi-layered networks, the existence of an empirical linkage between the dynamics of the financial network constructed from the market indices and the macroeconomic networks constructed from macroeconomic variables such as trade, foreign direct investments, etc. for several countries across the globe. The temporal scales of the dynamics of the financial variables and the macroeconomic fundamentals are very different, which makes the empirical linkage even more interesting and significant. Also, we find that there exist in the respective networks, core-periphery structures (determined through centrality measures) that are composed of similar set of countries — a result that may be related through the `gravity model’ of the country-level macroeconomic networks.

The paper tries to explain the extraordinary expansion in the 20th century of the English-born neoclassical economics and at the same time the decline of the German historical tradition. Methodology used in this paper is evolutionary institutionalist, which can be called, following American political scientists, Historical Institutionalism. The link between science and university was created first in Germany at the beginning of the 19th century with the reform of Wilhelm Humboldt. At the end of the 19th century when the institutionalization of economics took place, curriculum of English and most of the American universities were dominated by classics and theology. This was the determinant factor of institutionalization of economics as abstract science with its a priori method. On the contrary, German economics was institutionalized in new research universities in which experimental approach was highly valued. The continuation and very successful development in the United States of the scientific economic tradition born in Germany in the form of the Wisconsin Institutionalism was due to the economic support of its research by the big business interested at that time to find solutions to the “labour problem”. The paper also contains the description of institutional mechanism of stability and expansion of neoclassical economics.

The measurement of economies no longer by GDP alone, but by an Index that includes other important factors as well, a Social factors relativized GDP.

Social factors relativized GDP: GDP – GDP x GINI = K_Index Written differently: (1 – GINI) x GDP = K_Index Inflation indexed Version: (1 – GINI – Inflation) x GDP = K_Index_Infl.

Productivity Index: K_Index / Labor Force = K_PROD Inflation indexed Productivity Index: K_Index_Infl. / Labor Force = K_PROD_Infl.

Debt-to-K_Index: National debt / K_Index = K_Debt Debt-to-K_Index_Infl: National debt / K_Index_Infl. = K_Debt_Infl.

In this paper, I endeavour to construct a new model, by extending the classic exogenous economic growth model by including a measurement which tries to explain and quantify the size of technological innovation ( A ) endogenously. I do not agree technology is a “constant” exogenous variable, because it is humans who create all technological innovations, and it depends on how much human and physical capital is allocated for its research. I inspect several possible approaches to do this, and then I test my model both against sample and real world evidence data. I call this method “dynamic” because it tries to model the details in resource allocations between research, labor and capital, by affecting each other interactively. In the end, I point out which is the new residual and the parts of the economic growth model which can be further improved.

La disputa de aranceles entre Washington y Pekín va tomando los tonos de una guerra comercial en regla entre las dos principales economías del planeta. A la imposición de tasas por el gobierno de Trump sobre un largo listado de productos, China reaccionó con imposiciones similares. Ante el temor a una espiral de medidas y contramedidas de corte proteccionista, la economía …

Current business cycle theory is an application of the general equilibrium theory. This paper presents the business cycle model without using general equilibrium framework. We treat agents risk assessments as their coordinates x on economic space and establish distribution of all economic agents by their risk coordinates. We suggest aggregation of agents and their variables by scales large to compare with risk scales of single agents and small to compare with economic domain on economic space. Such model is alike to transition from kinetic description of multi-particle system to hydrodynamic approximation. Aggregates of agents extensive variables with risk coordinate x determine macro variables as functions of x alike to hydrodynamic variables. Economic and financial transactions between agents define evolution of their variables. Aggregation of transactions between agents with risk coordinates x and y determine macro transactions as functions of x and y and define evolution of macro variables at points x and y.

Conocer las fuentes últimas de una disciplina intelectual es una función tan natural y necesaria del entendimiento humano, que la propia evidencia nos demuestra la lentitud con la que se hace consciente a aquellos que la trabajan y desarrolla. Pues no por natural deja de ejercer una extraña reacción en la medida en que su desvelamiento exige de un ejercicio por conocer incompatible con esa inclinación natural con la que abrazamos la inmediatez -matriz, por cierto, fundante de lo económico. Y, sin embargo, a pesar del esfuerzo creciente que han adoptado las distintas ramas del saber en general y de lo económico en particular por familiarizarse con su campo de acción, tal objetivo queda interrumpido si por ello concebimos una paciente entrega hacia la Verdad. Porque no hay perseverancia que goce de estima si de ella no podemos extraer el deleite supremo que equivale a entender las razones que lo inclinan a saber el modo en que sabe. Solo así el conocimiento de la cosa se expande hasta sus límites aclarando que lo que ella es como expresión en esto o lo otro solo le pertenece a un instante de ese recorrido más prolongado que apunta a esa suerte de auto-reconocimiento.